NA Humanitarian Disaster Management for Public Health Tools Essay It’s a response to this assignment: https://www.studypool.com/discuss/16053669/internati
NA Humanitarian Disaster Management for Public Health Tools Essay It’s a response to this assignment:
https://www.studypool.com/discuss/16053669/international-and-humanitarian-disaster-management-for-public-health-tools-epidemiological-studies-surveillance-and-monitoring
I need to provide a substantive ?????response to my co-students and support my idea. In the attachments, you will find 2 classmates that I want a separate file for each one.
Reference to appropriate authoritative resources and official websites. Must be accessible online. Use New Times Roman 12 font with 1 margins and APA style.
Each response should be at least 150 words. Dirty Water and Sanitation & Cholera Outbreak
Many epidemiological studies have shown that the inability to access such safe water and clean food results
in many diarrheal diseases such as cholera. I would like to start with the theory of John Snow, a London physician,
who began to monitor the cholera outbreak in the 1800s by drawing a map showing in which areas cholera
epidemics triggered (Ruths, 2009). He found that cholera cases were around a water pump on Broad Street in
London. After his investigation, he discovered that cholera transmitted by contaminated water and considered this
disease as waterborne (Ruths, 2009). I believe that developing countries, particularly which have been impacted by
disasters, have a large number of these diseases due to the lack of water and sanitation infrastructure. Haiti, for
instance, has been negatively affected by the poor water infrastructure, which was triggered by the magnitude 7.0
earthquake in 2010 (Gelting et al., 2013). The damage of the earthquake forced many Haitians to live in camps in
which contaminated water was utilized. As a negative result of this dirty water, the cholera outbreak will likely
spread among these populations. I agree that having unsafe water sanitation in Haiti will result in spreading the
cholera outbreak. Indeed, the number of cholera cases in Haiti increased dramatically after the earthquake to more
than half-million cases and over 800 fatalities (Gelting et al., 2013).
Public Health Issues During Yemen Crisis
Yemenis have been adversely impacted on their health in many different ways since the conflict started
there. Camacho et al. (2018) state that more than 8500 Yemenis died, and over 50,000 have been injured since 2015.
The conflict has also damaged the water infrastructure, which forced the affected populations to use unsafe water. I
believe that this damage will result in many infectious diseases because of utilizing dirty water. Hence, I think
Humanitarian aid organizations should focus on improving the public health of the affected population as same as
providing such food and shelters. These organizations also must ensure that their camps are established with full
paying attention to the public health standards to protect the affected people from infectious diseases.
Studies have shown that many Yemenis in the affected areas utilize dirty water for a variety of uses
because they are unable to access safe water. Since the significant reason for having unsafe water in Yemen is the
conflict, it will be difficult for Yemenis to (Camacho et al., 2018). Thus, I believe that these people will be affected
in their health while using dirty water, and there is a high possibility of spreading infectious diseases such as cholera
outbreak. A recent study has shown that since 2017, the number of cholera cases has been seen in Yemen is more
than one million cases (Federspiel & Ali, 2018).
Recommendations & Interventions
It is recommended that the Haiti and Yemen governments coordinate and collaborate with the World Health
Organization (WHO) to prepare for, response to, and prevent such this outbreak. For instance, they should ensure
that the affected populations are provided with WASH services, including clean water, adequate sanitation, and
hygiene education (World Health Organization & UNICEF, 2017). No doubt accessing safe water and sanitation
will improve the public health of the affected communities. I believe at least boiling water may decrease the
percentage of the infection. I also agree that educating these populations about hygiene will likely minimize
spreading cholera.
If I were an emergency responder in a camp in which an infectious disease such as cholera spread, I would
immediately isolate the suspected cases from the contacted. Delivering Oral Cholera Vaccinations (OCVs) also
plays a critical role in preventing cholera. Meanwhile, I would utilize a surveillance system to continue monitoring
the populations and collect data to ensure that there is no such increase in the cases. For sure, having personal
protective equipment PPE would be vital in the camp. Furthermore, needing such laboratory services will also be a
critical aspect. For instance, after making the diagnosis of suspected cases, I will need to assure that whether these
people are confirmed or not. Therefore, sending stool samples to the laboratory to verify that these people are
affected by the outbreak is crucial for healthcare providers to prevent spreading the epidemic.
References
Camacho, A., Bouhenia, M., Alyusfi, R., Alkohlani, A., Naji, M., de Radiguès, X.,
Luquero, F. (2018). Cholera
epidemic in Yemen, 201618: an analysis of surveillance data. The Lancet Global Health, 6(6), e680
e690. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30230-4
Federspiel, F., & Ali, M. (2018). The cholera outbreak in Yemen: lessons learned and way forward. BMC Public
Health, 18(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6227-6
Gelting, R., Bliss, K., Patrick, M., Lockhart, G., & Handzel, T. (2013). Water, sanitation and hygiene in Haiti: past,
present, and future. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 89(4), 665
670. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.13-0217
Ruths, M. (2009). The lesson of john snow and the broad street pump. The Virtual Mentor: VM, 11(6), 470
472. https://doi.org/10.1001/virtualmentor.2009.11.6.mhst1-0906
World Health Organization, & UNICEF. (2017). Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update
and SDG baselines. Retrieved October 10, 2019,
from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf
Evidence is a key component in identifying trends and changing practices, especially in the
public health field. Choose a public health topic that you are especially passionate about. (e.g.,
water and sanitation, vaccinations, infectious disease, etc.) Discuss how studies/research support
your views (for or against).
I am passionate about disease eradication; therefore, this anti-vaccine campaign inflames
me severely. There has been a resurgence of many vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles.
There is no reason that measles has resurged; measles was eliminated, which is different than
eradicated. Anti- Vaccers believe that disease where becoming eradicated prior to immunization
due to better sanitation and other socio-economic conditions (WHO, 2013). While these factors
can be attributed to the reduction of disease, they cannot be considered the sole considerations.
In public health, it is difficult to prove a causal relationship. For example, people say
smoking causes cancer, which is incorrect. Smoking can be attributed to higher risks of cancer
because not all smokers develop cancer. Therefore, anti-vaccers saying that better conditions are
the reason for disease eradication is incorrect (WHO, 2013). While improved living conditions,
the proximity of housing have indirectly impacted disease transmission, incidence cases of
diseases have significantly decreased due to the interventions of antibiotics and immunizations
(WHO, 2013).
Another issue with this campaign is the definitions used; measles was never eradicated; it
was eliminated in the United States. These terms are not interchangeable, eliminated means
reduction in incidence cases to zero in a defined geographical area for twelve months (CDC,
1999). While eradication is the permanent reduction to zero in the world (CDC, 1999), this
communicates falsities and myths that the government is implanting infections in specific
communities. There are only two diseases that have been eradicated smallpox and rinderpest,
which only affects animals. The reason that smallpox was eradicated was due to global education
and vaccines (Strassburg,1982). Not only were vaccines used but surveillance to contain
suspected cases and confirmed cases (Strassburg, 1982). This is difficult now with politics where
people can fill out exemption forms and pick up and move.
As of November 2015, there were a total of 804 cases of measles in individuals who had
no previous history of immunization (Phadke, 2016). There were seven different outbreaks of
measles from 2000-2015. Of the 970 reported cases, 874 cases were in unvaccinated individuals
who were eligible to receive the vaccine (Phadke, 2016).
These studies support the well know fact that vaccines help to decrease and or eliminate
diseases. History has shown what happens when populations are not vaccinated; you get
smallpox, measles, tetanus, etc. Herd immunity only works if the threshold is more than 90
percent of the population is protected (Funk, 2017). If people continue to opt-out of vaccines, the
herd immunity will continue to fall well below the threshold. Counter campaigns need to be
posted everywhere, educating people on the truth and myths of immunizations.
I could talk about disease prevention, transmission, disease, anything forever.
Choose a recent international or humanitarian crisis. What were public health issues associated
with this incident? How would you manage these issues?
A recent humanitarian crisis is currently occurring in Venezuela and surrounding
countries. There is severe economic and political instability caused by a decline by the countries
revenue streams (US AID, 2019). The economic reduction has lead to hyperinflation;
humanitarian workers have identified health, water, sanitation as urgent needs in Venezuela (US
AID, 2019). Due to the shortage of basic necessities and affordable goods has caused a mass
exodus to neighboring nations, including Brazil, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago (US AID, 2019).
An estimated 4.3 million Venezuelans have fled their country since 2014 due to the crisis (Grillet
et al., 2019). This influx is straining the neighboring countries’ borders, and resources, the
president of Venezuela has requested and additional 119 million dollars from the U.S. (Grillet et
al.,2019). I think that money should go toward rebuilding a public health infrastructure because
addressing political issues is highly unlikely. Immunizations, nutrition, and psychological aid are
the areas that need immediate attention. Venezuela has had a 359% increase in malaria compared
to 71% in 2017, and cases continue to rise (Grillet et al., 2019). Neighboring countries have also
experienced a growth in imported cases of malaria; Brazil has seen 1,591 incident cases in 2017
(Grillet et al., 2019). Other diseases are also on the rise such as Dengue, Chagas, Zika, and
Chikungunya (Grillet et al., 2019). This humanitarian aid crisis is quickly spreading and may
turn into a multi-regional outbreak of these infections. The funding, if not all, a significant
portion needs to go towards public health infrastructure.
Reference
CDC. (1999). The Principles of Disease Elimination and Eradication. Retrieved October 10,
2019, from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su48a7.htm.
Phadke, V. K., Bednarczyk, R. A., Salmon, D. A. & Omer, S. B. (2016). Association Between
Vaccine Refusal and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States: A Review of
Measles and Pertussis. JAMA, 315(11), 11491158. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1353
Strassburg, M. A. (1982). The global eradication of smallpox. American Journal of Infection
Control, 10(2), 5359. doi: 10.1016/0196-6553(82)90003-7
Tami, A., Grillet, M. E., Paniz-Mondolfi, A., Oletta, J., Llewellyn, M. S., Hernández-Villena, J.
V., & Márquez, M. (2019). Resurgence of Vector-Borne and Vaccine-Preventable
Diseases in Venezuela in Times of a Complex Humanitarian Health Crisis: A Regional
Menace. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 34(s1). doi: 10.1017/s1049023x1900030x
US AID. (2019). Venezuela: Disaster Assistance. Retrieved October 10, 2019, from
https://www.usaid.gov/crisis/venezuela-regional.
WHO. (2013). Six common misconceptions about immunization. Retrieved October 10, 2019,
fromhttps://www.who.int/vaccine_safety/initiative/detection/immunization_misconceptio
ns/en/index2.html.
Funk S. (2017). Critical immunity thresholds for measles elimination [PDF File] Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2017/october/2._target_immunity_leve
ls_FUNK.pdf
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