This exam covers information from Week 1. Youll be evaluated based on your engagement with the lectures and assigned readings. Please type your answers i
This exam covers information from Week 1. Youll be evaluated based on your engagement with the lectures and assigned readings. Please type your answers in a Word Doc or PDF and be sure to indicate which IDs you’ve chosen to answer.
ID Questions, no more than 300 words
Select TWO of the following four terms/people and write an ID (for information on how to write an ID see the Weekly Exam Guide and Rubric in the Discussion Boards, Weekly Exams, and Research Papers Module). Your IDs should not exceed one page double-spaced (detailed writing instruction check the attached file).
1) Saich?
2) Fujiwara Family
3) K?fun
4) Yamato
Essay Question: word count at least 650
Please answer the following essay prompt. Be sure to utilize relevant assigned readings in your essays (for information on how to an essay see the Weekly Exam Guide and Rubric in the Discussion Boards, Weekly Exams, and Research Papers Module). Essays should not exceed three pages double-spaced.
Pick the three most significant turning points in the formation and evolution of the early Japanese state and rulership. In answering this question, consider important figures and influences that contributed to the eventual formation of classical Japanese political and social institutions. Feel free to draw on events and examples from any of the Week 1 materials including any of the historical periods we discussed. Keep in mind that there is no one correct answer to this question you can choose any turning points you find significant as long as you support your argument with evidence from the readings and lectures (as well as any optional materials Ive included). Weekly Exams
Each week you are required to complete a Module Exam by Sunday at11:59pm. The exam will
be posted by Friday at 5:00pm (therefore giving you over 48 hours to complete the exam). The
exam covers information specific to that weeks lessons.
Exam Format:
Exams will consist of two Identification questions (10 points each, 20 points total) and one essay
question (30 points). All potential ID questions will be listed on the weekly Study Guide (located
at the beginning of each module). Essay questions will draw on the weekly lesson questions. On
each exam you will be given an option of four Identification terms and you will be required to
select and answer two. You will also be given one essay question that will be related to the
weekly lesson questions. Watching the lectures, completing the readings, and answering the
lesson questions will be sufficient preparation for answering the essay question.
Exam answers should be typed, double-spaced (Times New Roman, size 12 font) and uploaded
to Canvas as either a Word Doc or a PDF. Any exams submitted using Apple Pages will not
receive credit.
Identification questions or ID questions:
ID questions ask students to identify major terms, concepts, persons, places, or events. ID
questions are tricky because they ask students to succinctly provide an explanation of the term as
well as the significance of the term for our course. ID answers should not exceed 1-page, double
spaced. When answering an ID question keep in mind the Five Ws (who, what, when, where,
and why):
WHO is the person, or who are the people, involved?
WHAT is the event or feature?
WHEN did it happen or, in the case of a feature of human geography such as a border, when did
it assume the position it had?
WHERE did it happen?
WHY did it happen or come to be the way it was? Why is it important?
ID questions will be graded based on thoroughness of your answer:
A (90-100)
B (80-89)
C (70-79)
All relevant components of an identification–who, what, when, where, why–are clearly
and fully addressed. The response demonstrates detailed knowledge of the most
important features of the item, as well as relation of item to larger historical periods,
trends, and concepts.
Most relevant components of an identification are adequately addressed. The response
demonstrates general knowledge of the item, as well as relation of item to larger
historical periods, trends, and concepts.
Most relevant components of an identification–who, what, when, where, why–are
adequately addressed, with no more than one significant element missing. The response
D/F (0-69)
demonstrates some knowledge of the item. Relation of item to larger historical periods,
trends, and concepts vague.
Several relevant components of an identification missing or incorrect. The response
does not distinguish the item from other items. Relation of item to larger historical
periods, trends, and concepts missing or incorrect.
Essay Questions:
Essay questions on weekly exams are short-essays that test student organization, critical
thinking, and writing skills. Essays should not exceed 3 pages, double-spaced. There is no need
to find outside sources for this information. Students should be able to answer questions based on
lectures and reading materials. It is important that students construct a thesis that responds to the
essay question students should support this thesis with evidence such as examples from the
lectures or the course readings. Exam essays should also follow standard essay writing guidelines
(use of paragraphs, thesis statement, topic sentences and transitions, college-level grammar).
Below is a rubric outlining expectations for weekly exam essays:
Exam Essay
Criteria
Critical Thinking
A (27-30
points)
B (24-26
points)
Excellent
Proficient
C (21-23 points)
Average
D/F (18 points
and below)
Below
Expectations
*Clear and logical
statements
*Substantial
information
*Generally
competent
*Rudimentary and
superficial
*Shows insight,
and engages in
analysis
*Thought, insight,
and analysis has
taken place
*Information is
thin and
commonplace
*No analysis or
insight is displayed
*Confusing
Evidence/Argument *Uses reliable
evidence when
Construction
Style
constructing
arguments
*Uses reliable
evidence, but may
be out of context or
unrelated
*Constructs a
coherent and
specific argument
*Constructs a
vague argument
that is not specific
*Few to no
grammatical or
stylistic errors
*Several
grammatical or
stylistic errors
*Uses some
evidence although
it may not be
sufficient to
support the
argument
*Uses no evidence
or unreliable,
biased, or
misleading
evidence
*Has no argument
*Constructs little to
no argument
*Obvious
grammatical or
stylistic errors
*Obvious
grammatical or
stylistic errors
*Errors interfere
with content
*Makes
understanding
difficult
Evaluation:
Each dentification question is worth 10 points of the total score (2 ID questions=20 points).
Essays are worth 30 points of the total exam score.
Exam Scoring:
ID 1: 10 points
ID 2: 10 points
Essay: 30 points
Total: 50 points
Primary Source Document
with Questions (DBQs)
THE CONSTITUTION OF PRINCE SH?TOKU
Introduction
Beginning in the late 6th century, Japans Yamato rulers sought to refashion themselves from clan chieftains into
fully fledged monarchs on the Chinese model. One of the first landmarks in the effort to remake the Japanese state
in the form of Chinas sophisticated political institutions was the Constitution of Prince Sh?toku, also known as the
Seventeen?Article Constitution. Prince Sh?toku (573?621) was the nephew of Empress Suiko and served as
regent and trusted advisor on matters of civil administration during her reign. This short document charted the
reform of the Japanese government using imported Confucian and Buddhist approaches to statecraft.
Document Excerpts with Questions (Complete document follows this section)
Freely adapted for modern readers from W. G. Astons Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, in
The Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society of London, Supplement 1, vol. 2 (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner
and Co., Ltd., 1896), 128?33. The text is reproduced here as it appears in Japan: Selected Readings, compiled by Hyman Kublin
(Houghton Mifflin Company), 31?34. © 1968 Houghton Mifflin Company.
The Constitution of Prince Sh?toku
1.
Harmony should be valued and quarrels should be avoided. Everyone has his biases,
and few men are far?sighted. Therefore some disobey their lords and fathers and keep up feuds
with their neighbors. But when the superiors are in harmony with each other and the inferiors
are friendly, then affairs are discussed quietly and the right view of matters prevails.
2.
The three treasures, which are Buddha, the (Buddhist) Law and the (Buddhist)
Priesthood, should be given sincere reverence, for they are the final refuge of all living things.
Few men are so bad that they cannot be taught their truth.
3.
Do not fail to obey the commands of your Sovereign. He is like Heaven, which is above
the Earth, and the vassal is like the Earth, which bears up Heaven. When Heaven and Earth are
properly in place, the four seasons follow their course and all is well in Nature. But if the Earth
attempts to take the place of Heaven, Heaven would simply fall in ruin. That is why the vassal
listens when the lord speaks, and the inferior obeys when the superior acts. Consequently when
you receive the commands of your Sovereign, do not fail to carry them out or ruin will be the
natural result.
4.
The Ministers and officials of the state should make proper behavior their first principle,
for if the superiors do not behave properly, the inferiors are disorderly; if inferiors behave
improperly, offenses will naturally result. Therefore when lord and vassal behave with
Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) on THE CONSTITUTION OF PRINCE SH?TOKU
propriety, the distinctions of rank are not confused: when the people behave properly the
Government will be in good order.
6.
Punish the evil and reward the good. This was the excellent rule of antiquity. Therefore
do not hide the good qualities of others or fail to correct what is wrong when you see it.
Flatterers and deceivers are a sharp weapon for the overthrow of the state, and a sharp sword
for the destruction of the people. Men of this kind are never loyal to their lord, or to the people.
All this is a source of serious civil disturbances.
7.
Every man has his own work. Do not let the spheres of duty be confused. When wise
men are entrusted with office, the sound of praise arises. If corrupt men hold office, disasters
and tumult multiply. In all things, whether great or small, find the right man and they will be
well managed. Therefore the wise sovereigns of antiquity sought the man to fill the office, and
not the office to suit the man. If this is done the state will be lasting and the realm will be free
from danger.
12.
Do not let the local nobility levy taxes on the people. There cannot be two lords in a
country; the people cannot have two masters. The sovereign is the sole master of the people of
the whole realm, and the officials that he appoints are all his subjects. How can they presume to
levy taxes on the people?
14.
Do not be envious! For if we envy others, then they in turn will envy us. The evils of
envy know no limit. If others surpass us in intelligence, we are not pleased; if they are more
able, we are envious. But if we do not find wise men and sages, how shall the realm be
governed?
15.
To subordinate private interests to the public good that is the path of a vassal. Now if
a man is influenced by private motives, he will be resentful, and if he is influenced by
resentment he will fail to act harmoniously with others. If he fails to act harmoniously with
others, the public interest will suffer. Resentment interferes with order and is subversive of law.
Questions:
1.
2.
3.
What specifically Confucian influences can you identify in the Constitution?
Buddhist influences?
What does this Constitution establish as the most important values in
government?
What are the position and the role of the ruler in this system? Do you
think that the Constitution was intended to make the sovereign more
Asia for Educators l Columbia University l http://afe.easia.columbia.edu
Page 2 of 5
Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) on THE CONSTITUTION OF PRINCE SH?TOKU
4.
5.
powerful or less powerful than in the existing government system in
Japan?
Why do you think Prince Sh?toku looked to Chinese models for this
Constitution?
An image of Prince Sh?toku appeared on the Japanese currency (the
10,000 yen note) from the 1950s until the 1980s. Why do you think he was
honored in this way?
Complete Document
Freely adapted for modern readers from W. G. Astons Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, in
The Transactions and Proceedings of the Japan Society of London, Supplement 1, vol. 2 (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner
and Co., Ltd., 1896), 128?33. The text is reproduced here as it appears in Japan: Selected Readings, compiled by Hyman Kublin
(Houghton Mifflin Company), 31?34. © 1968 Houghton Mifflin Company.
The Constitution of Prince Sh?toku
C.E. 604, Summer, 4th Month, 3rd day. The Prince Imperial Sh?toku in person prepared laws
for the first time. There were seventeen clauses, as follows:
1.
Harmony should be valued and quarrels should be avoided. Everyone has his biases,
and few men are far?sighted. Therefore some disobey their lords and fathers and keep up feuds
with their neighbors. But when the superiors are in harmony with each other and the inferiors
are friendly, then affairs are discussed quietly and the right view of matters prevails.
2.
The three treasures, which are Buddha, the (Buddhist) Law and the (Buddhist)
Priesthood; should be given sincere reverence, for they are the final refuge of all living things.
Few men are so bad that they cannot be taught their truth.
3.
Do not fail to obey the commands of your Sovereign. He is like Heaven, which is above
the Earth, and the vassal is like the Earth, which bears up Heaven. When Heaven and Earth are
properly in place, the four seasons follow their course and all is well in Nature. But if the Earth
attempts to take the place of Heaven, Heaven would simply fall in ruin. That is why the vassal
listens when the lord speaks, and the inferior obeys when the superior acts. Consequently when
you receive the commands of your Sovereign, do not fail to carry them out or ruin will be the
natural result.
4.
The Ministers and officials of the state should make proper behavior their first principle,
for if the superiors do not behave properly, the inferiors are disorderly; if inferiors behave
improperly, offenses will naturally result. Therefore when lord and vassal behave with
propriety, the distinctions of rank are not confused: when the people behave properly the
Government will be in good order.
5.
Deal impartially with the legal complaints which are submitted to you. If the man who
is to decide suits at law makes gain his motive, and hears cases with a view to receiving bribes,
Asia for Educators l Columbia University l http://afe.easia.columbia.edu
Page 3 of 5
Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) on THE CONSTITUTION OF PRINCE SH?TOKU
then the suits of the rich man will be like a stone flung into water, meeting no resistance, while
the complaints of the poor will be like water thrown upon a stone. In these circumstances the
poor man will not know where to go, nor will he behave as he should.
6.
Punish the evil and reward the good. This was the excellent rule of antiquity. Therefore
do not hide the good qualities of others or fail to correct what is wrong when you see it.
Flatterers and deceivers are a sharp weapon for the overthrow of the state, and a sharp sword
for the destruction of the people. Men of this kind are never loyal to their lord, or to the people.
All this is a source of serious civil disturbances.
7.
Every man has his own work. Do not let the spheres of duty be confused. When wise
men are entrusted with office, the sound of praise arises. If corrupt men hold office, disasters
and tumult multiply. In all things, whether great or small, find the right man and they will be
well managed. Therefore the wise sovereigns of antiquity sought the man to fill the office, and
not the office to suit the man. If this is done the state will be lasting and the realm will be free
from danger.
8.
Ministers and officials should attend the Court early in the morning and retire late, for
the whole day is hardly enough for the accomplishment of state business. If one is late in
attending Court, emergencies cannot be met; if officials retire early, the work cannot be
completed.
9.
Good faith is the foundation of right. In everything let there be good faith, for if the lord
and the vassal keep faith with one another, what cannot be accomplished? If the lord and the
vassal do not keep faith with each other, everything will end in failure.
10.
Let us control ourselves and not be resentful when others disagree with us, for all men
have hearts and each heart has its own leanings. The right of others is our wrong, and our right
is their wrong. We are not unquestionably sages, nor are they unquestionably fools. Both of us
are simply ordinary men. How can anyone lay down a rule by which to distinguish right from
wrong? For we are all wise sometimes and foolish at others. Therefore, though others give way
to anger, let us on the contrary dread our own faults, and though we may think we alone are in
the right, let us follow the majority and act like them.
11.
Know the difference between merit and demerit, and deal out to each its reward and
punishment. In these days, reward does not always follow merit, or punishment follow crime.
You high officials who have charge of public affairs, make it your business to give clear rewards
and punishments.
12.
Do not let the local nobility levy taxes on the people. There cannot be two lords in a
country; the people cannot have two masters. The sovereign is the sole master of the people of
the whole realm, and the officials that he appoints are all his subjects. How can they presume to
levy taxes on the people?
Asia for Educators l Columbia University l http://afe.easia.columbia.edu
Page 4 of 5
Primary Source Document with Questions (DBQs) on THE CONSTITUTION OF PRINCE SH?TOKU
13.
All people entrusted with office should attend equally to their duties. Their work may
sometimes be interrupted due to illness or their being sent on missions. But whenever they are
able to attend to business they should do so as if they knew what it was about and not obstruct
public affairs on the grounds they are not personally familiar with them.
14.
Do not be envious! For if we envy others, then they in turn will envy us. The evils of
envy know no limit. If others surpass us in intelligence, we are not pleased; if they are more
able, we are envious. But if we do not find wise men and sages, how shall the realm be
governed?
15.
To subordinate private interests to the public good that is the path of a vassal. Now if
a man is influenced by private motives, he will be resentful, and if he is influenced by
resentment he will fail to act harmoniously with others. If he fails to act harmoniously with
others, the public interest will suffer. Resentment interferes with order and is subversive of law.
16.
Employ the people in forced labor at seasonable times. This is an ancient and excellent
rule. Employ them in the winter months when they are at leisure, but not from Spring to
Autumn, when they are busy with agriculture or with the mulberry trees (the leaves of which
are fed to silkworms). For if they do not attend to agriculture, what will there be to eat? If they
do not attend to the mulberry trees, what will there be for clothing?
17.
Decisions on important matters should not be made by one person alone. They should
be discussed with many people. Small matters are of less consequence and it is unnecessary to
consult a number of people. It is only in the case of important affairs, when there is a suspicion
that they may miscarry, that one should consult with others, so as to arrive at the right
conclusion.
Asia for Educators l Columbia University l http://afe.easia.columbia.edu
Page 5 of 5
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
