GEN499 Week3 Ashford Gender Inequality In The Modern World Introduction, Thesis Statement, and Annotated Bibliography[WLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] [CLOs: 1, 2, 3,

GEN499 Week3 Ashford Gender Inequality In The Modern World Introduction, Thesis Statement, and Annotated Bibliography[WLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5] [CLOs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]Prepare: To help with the preparation of your annotated bibliography, review the following tutorials and resources from the Ashford Writing Center:

Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Annotated Bibliography Tutorial (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Annotated Bibliography (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Evaluating Sources (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Reflect: Reflect back on the Week 1 discussion in which you shared with the class the global societal issue that you would like to further address. Explore critical insights that were shared by your peers and/or your instructor on the topic chosen and begin your search for scholarly sources with those insights in mind.Write: For this assignment, review the Annotated Bibliography Formatting Guidelines and address the following prompts:
Introductory paragraph to topic (refer to the Final Paper guidelines for your topic selection).

Write an introductory paragraph with at least 150 words that clearly explains the topic, the importance of further research, and ethical implications.

Thesis statement.

Write a direct and concise thesis statement, which will become the solution to the problem that you will argue or prove in the Week 5 Final Paper. (A thesis statement should be a concise, declarative statement. The thesis statement must appear at the end of the introductory paragraph.)

Annotated bibliography.

Develop an annotated bibliography to indicate the quality of the sources you have read.
Summarize in your own words how the source contributes to the solution of the global societal issue for each annotation.
Address fully the purpose, content, evidence, and relation to other sources you found on this topic (your annotation should be one to two paragraphs long—150 words or more.
Include no less than five scholarly sources in the annotated bibliography that will be used to support the major points of the Final Paper.
Demonstrate critical thinking skills by accurately interpreting evidence used to support various positions of the topic.

The Introduction, Thesis Statement, and Annotated Bibliography
Must be 1,000 to 1,250 words in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s APA Style (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.

Must include a separate title page with the following:

Title of paper
Student’s name
Course name and number
Instructor’s name
Date submitted

For further assistance with the formatting and the title page, refer to APA Formatting for Word 2013 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..
Must utilize academic voice. See the Academic Voice (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. resource for additional guidance.
Must include an introduction and conclusion paragraph. Your introduction paragraph needs to end with a clear thesis statement that indicates the purpose of your paper.

For assistance on writing Introductions & Conclusions (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. as well as Writing a Thesis Statement (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site., refer to the Ashford Writing Center resources.

Must use at least five scholarly sources.

The Scholarly, Peer Reviewed, and Other Credible Sources (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. table offers additional guidance on appropriate source types. If you have questions about whether a specific source is appropriate for this assignment, contact your instructor. Your instructor has the final say about the appropriateness of a specific source for an assignment. The Integrating Research (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. tutorial will offer further assistance with including supporting information and reasoning.

Must document in APA style any information used from sources, as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center’s In-Text Citation Guide (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..
Must have no more than 15% quoted material in the body of your essay based on the Turnitin report. References list will be excluded from the Turnitin originality score.
Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style. See the Formatting Your References List (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. resource in the Ashford Writing Center for specifications. Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Title of the Paper in Full Goes Here
Student Name Here
Course Name and Number
Instructor’s Name
Date Submitted
1
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
2
Introduction: After reviewing the Ashford Writing Center’s Introduction Guidelines and doing
further research on your topic, develop an introduction paragraph of at least 150 words that
clearly explains the topic, the importance of further research, and ethical implications.
Thesis Statement: After viewing the Ashford Writing Center’s Thesis Tutorial, type your thesis
statement here. Please note that the thesis statement will be included as the last sentence in the
introduction paragraph when writing your final paper.
Annotation 1:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format your reference according
to APA style for a journal article or other scholarly source as outlined in the Ashford
Writing Center.
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source contributes to answering your
research question. See Sample Annotated Bibliography from the Ashford Writing Center
for additional guideance. Your annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150
words or more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation to other sources
you found on this topic following this order:
1. In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point) of the source. Then,
describe the content and elements of the source.
2. After explaining the overall structure of the source, summarize the evidence that
the author uses to support his or her claims. Does the author use numbers,
statistics, historical documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3. Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you have found on this topic
throughout the course. Point out how it contradicts or supports these sources.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
3
4. Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your research question.
Annotation 2:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format your reference
according to APA style for a journal article or other scholarly source as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center.
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source contributes to answering your
research question. Your annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150 words or
more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation to other sources you
found on this topic following this order:
1.
In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point) of the source. Then,
describe the content and elements of the source.
2.
After explaining the overall structure of the source, summarize the evidence that
the author uses to support his or her claims. Does the author use numbers,
statistics, historical documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3.
Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you have found on this topic
throughout the course. Point out how it contradicts or supports these sources.
4.
Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your research question.
Annotation 3:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format your reference
according to APA style for a journal article or other scholarly source as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
4
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source contributes to answering your
research question. Your annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150 words or
more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation to other sources you
found on this topic following this order:
1.
In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point) of the source. Then,
describe the content and elements of the source.
2.
After explaining the overall structure of the source, summarize the evidence that
the author uses to support his or her claims. Does the author use numbers,
statistics, historical documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3.
Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you have found on this topic
throughout the course. Point out how it contradicts or supports these sources.
4.
Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your research question.
Annotation 4:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format your reference
according to APA style for a journal article or other scholarly source as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center.
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source contributes to answering your
research question. Your annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150 words or
more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation to other sources you
found on this topic following this order:
1. In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point) of the source. Then,
describe the content and elements of the source.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
5
2. After explaining the overall structure of the source, summarize the evidence that
the author uses to support his or her claims. Does the author use numbers,
statistics, historical documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3. Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you have found on this topic
throughout the course. Point out how it contradicts or supports these sources.
4. Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your research question.
Annotation 5:
Reference: Include a complete reference for the source. Format your reference
according to APA style for a journal article or other scholarly source as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center.
Annotation: In your own words, explain how this source contributes to answering your
research question. Your annotation should be one to two paragraphs long (150 words or
more) and fully address purpose, content, evidence, and relation to other sources you
found on this topic following this order:
1. In the first sentence, explain the purpose (or the main point) of the source. Then,
describe the content and elements of the source.
2. After explaining the overall structure of the source, summarize the evidence that
the author uses to support his or her claims. Does the author use numbers,
statistics, historical documents, or draw from work created by other intellectuals?
3. Next, explain how the source relates to other sources you have found on this topic
throughout the course. Point out how it contradicts or supports these sources.
4.
Finally, briefly describe how the source answers to your research question.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
6
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
7
April Martin
Jan 24, 2019 Jan 24 at 7:40pm
Manage Discussion Entry
Gender inequality is a characteristic of most societies, where one gender is better
positioned in social, cultural, economic, and political stratification than the other gender.
Gender inequality is a social problem that resulted from unfair treatment between different
genders (Ukhova, 2015). The method used to identify gender inequality as a societal issue
is the changing roles and these disparities are questioned in virtually every sphere- at
workplaces, at homes, and public affairs (Su, 2006). Nonetheless, various studies confirm
that gender disparities still exist even in the wave of the current economic and social
transformations. For instance, in most societies, women still earn less than men in the
formal work sector, are less likely to participate in the active labor force, and are more
likely to live in poverty (Acker, 2006). In the dimension of political gender inequality,
women are still less represented in corporate and political appointments.
The first way to analyze a source to determine if it is scholarly is to look at its authors.
Authors of scholarly sources are experts in the field of the study discussed as well as their
credentials are listed. This listing will include the organization they are affiliated with, such
as faculty member of a university. The second way is to analyze the source’s publication
criteria. All scholarly sources are refereed or peer-reviewed. Lastly, I will analyze the
references of the material. Authors of scholarly sources are required to use earlier research
in their papers, citing that study between the text and at the end of the source.
The article, Gender Inequality in Chinese Politics: An Empirical Analysis of Provincial Elites
discusses aspects of gender inequality in the Chinese ruling party, the Chinese Communist
Party. Despite, the socialist revolution promoting equality in gender representation,
women have failed to make headway in Chinese politics. The second article, Gender
inequality and inter-household economic inequality in emerging economies: exploring the
relationship looks at how gender inequality has contributed to the increasing economic
inequality in countries such as Turkey, India, South Africa, Brazil, and Mexico.
The significance of using scholarly sources to support this topic is that they will provide
credible information as well as they acknowledge the ideas that the topics will build on.
Their credibility will allow the writer to back up the assertions with credible evidence.
Politics & Gender, 2 (2006), 143–163. Printed in the U.S.A.
Gender Inequality in Chinese
Politics: An Empirical Analysis
of Provincial Elites
Fubing Su
Vassar College
Since its foundation, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has promoted gender equality, at least at the level of official rhetoric. Despite some progress in their social and
economic lives, women have not been able to make headway in Chinese politics. Many
scholars have studied this topic, but due to the CCP’s political sensitivity, systematic data
are not available. Drawing on a unique data set about provincial-level elites, I quantify
gender inequality in Chinese politics and test several commonly held hypotheses. Although most empirical studies of Chinese women in politics focus on the National
People’s Congress (NPC), this paper focuses on officials in the Party-State, on the grounds
that they wield more power than members of the NPC. Female leaders of the Party-State
are more likely to be drawn from nonparty members and to occupy less prestigious positions than male leaders. There is no evidence, however, indicating that women and ethnic minority status are associated, or that women face more difficulties entering more
powerful branches of the Party-State. Cross-regional analysis finds that political institutions, socioeconomic conditions, and culture have all played some role in promoting or
hindering women’s political careers.
O
ne major goal of the socialist revolution in China was to liberate
women. Social transformation and state socialism under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have raised women’s overall status (Croll
1978; Davin 1976). But their advancement in politics is still in question.
Have women achieved the goal of holding up half the sky in Chinese
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 2004 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago. I thank Louise Davidson-Schmich, Ying Huang, Marc Moskowitz, Dali Yang, two editors, and three anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and
excellent suggestions. Anesa Uda-Diaz has offered excellent research support.
Published by Cambridge University Press 1743-923X/06 $12.00 for The Women and Politics Research
Section of the American Political Science Association.
© The Women and Politics Research Section of the American Political Science Association.
DOI: 10.1017/S1743923X06060077
143
144
FUBING SU
politics? If not, how much progress have they made and what kind of
biases do they face? How serious are those biases? What factors can
explain the progress, or lack of thereof? Many feminist scholars have
analyzed the role of Chinese women in social, economic, and cultural
life (Gilmartin, Hershatter, Rofel, and White 1994; Stacey 1983; Wesoky
2002). Existing research about women’s involvement in politics is imprecise. Scholars lament the slow progress (and indeed the retrogression in
the post-Mao era) in women’s political participation and analyze women’s
frustration as a result of their rising social and economic status, but empirical evidence in their analyses is usually anecdotal. Statistics, whenever available, are not systematic. There are many interesting and
plausible hypotheses that are not subject to rigorous testing. In a way, the
relative lack of empirically grounded research is understandable. The
Chinese state is well aware of the gap between its promise of gender
equality and the reality in Chinese politics. The government has tried to
control the amount of information available in this regard and has released more flattering statistics, such as women’s representation in the
National People’s Congress (NPC). Some scholars (Hsiung 2001; Judd
2002) have studied women politicians and provided rich biographical
information. Their studies are very informative but limited in geographical coverage. Stanley Rosen (1995) has assembled an array of statistics
regarding women’s political participation in different institutions and at
different levels of the state. While valuable, the statistics are highly
aggregate.
In the comparative politics field beyond China, a growing literature
has analyzed women’s political participation around the world. In particular, scholars have explained women’s legislative representation in terms
of various factors, such as political institutions (electoral rules, party ideologies), socioeconomic conditions (level of development, education),
and culture (religion, attitude). Initially, most studies focused on Western
democracies (Rule 1987). Gradually, scholars expanded their analyses to
incorporate more countries (Matland 1998; Moser 2001). Of particular
interest to this article are Ronald Inglehart and Pippa Norris (2003) and
Andrew Reynolds (1999) because both sources include China. To measure women’s representation in national legislatures, they use the percentage of female representatives in the NPC. This sounds reasonable,
but the Chinese NPC is hardly an institution comparable to parliaments
in Western democracies, for example, the House of Representatives in
the United States or the House of Commons in the United Kingdom.
The causal mechanisms they identify cannot be readily applied to China,
GENDER INEQUALITY IN CHINESE POLITICS
145
especially the positive impact of proportional representation (PR) on
women’s representation.
Recent developments in China, especially the rapid expansion of
Internet use, have made new information concerning the demographics
of political participation available to researchers. The data analyzed here
are a systematic collection of biographical information about all
provincial-level leaders in China’s 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, and four centrally administered cities (CACs).1 This individuallevel information allows for systematic testing of some conventional
beliefs about women’s political participation among researchers and policy advocates. The geographic coverage also makes it possible to explore
the regional variation and test insights from the comparative literature.
This article contributes several empirical findings to our knowledge
about gender equality in Chinese politics. First, it offers accurate descriptive statistics of women’s participation at the provincial level. In a field
that is hindered by insufficient information and questionable data, this
information can add more precision to ongoing discussions. Second,
while it confirms some common hypotheses, it rejects others. Female
leaders are more likely to be drawn from non-CCP members, and they
also occupy less important positions. There is no evidence, however, indicating that women and ethnic minority status are associated or that
women face tougher barriers in attaining more powerful positions within
branches of the Party-State. Third, political institutions, socioeconomic
conditions, and culture all have some impact on gender equality. These
findings are generally supported by other comparative gender studies. As
the political institution variables cannot be borrowed directly from electoral politics, I have modified the analysis to measure other institutional
aspects that are more meaningful in the Chinese context.
ANALYZING BUREAUCRATIC PARTICIPATION
IN THE PARTY-STATE
The comparative study of women legislators has made valuable contributions to our understanding of gender equality. Its importance is premised on two main assumptions. First, national legislatures are a key site
for political contestation. This is certainly a reasonable assumption for
1. In the Chinese political context, they are all one level below the central government. To avoid
confusion, I use “provincial level” to include all three types of regional administrations.
146
FUBING SU
mature democracies, where legislators hold the ultimate power in passing new laws, changing existing policies, and holding executives responsible. Second, women legislators are different from their male
counterparts. An increasing number of studies conclude that female legislators exhibit different behavioral patterns than men in similar positions (Swers 2001; Thomas 1991). In particular, they tend to prioritize
bills related to women’s issues, such as abortion, family, and reproductive policies. Therefore, the presence of women legislators can indeed
make substantive changes in women’s lives.
In the Chinese context, the assumption that national legislatures are
the appropriate site for political contestation is problematic. Reforms in
the past three decades have fundamentally changed the Chinese economy and society. Politically, China is becoming less authoritarian. The
National People’s Congress has been trying to shed its “rubber stamp”
image and become a viable force in Chinese politics. Some people believed that the NPC would become the national legislature in the true
sense of the concept. However, these hopes were not realistic; while the
NPC has become more active in legislating new laws and monitoring
government actions, the party is still in command and the NPC remains
no more than a minor player in the Party-State (O’Brien 2001). This
subordination becomes apparent when some of its key institutional features are examined. First, there are about three thousand delegates in
the NPC, making it too unwieldy to act as a powerful political organization. Second, except for two hundred or so standing committee members, all NPC delegates are part-timers. They usually meet once every
year and have other full-time jobs, limiting their ability to accumulate
legislative expertise. Third, delegates to the NPC are not directly elected
by the public but through party-controlled indirect elections at provinciallevel People’s Congresses.
The National People’s Congress is not yet a powerful legislature and
the role of a delegate is essentially ceremonial. The party can easily continue its prereform quotas and maintain a high level of female representation.2 Commenting on similar arrangements in pretransition Eastern
Europe and the Soviet Union, Marilyn Rueschemeyer (1998) acknowl2. After huge leaps during the Cultural Revolution, women’s representation in the NPC has
remained quite stable; the figure has remained at just above 20% for the past 30 years. Given declines in more powerful institutions, such as the Central Committee of the CCP (from about 12%
in the 1980s to 7% in the 1990s), maintaining women’s representation in the NPC becomes very
important for the state to demonstrate its commitment to gender equality in politics. Unlike democratic nations that have quotas, China does not have well-specified and legally binding quotas. All
quotas are deliberately left ambiguous, and leaders have a lot of discretion.
GENDER INEQUALITY IN CHINESE POLITICS
147
edges that “the high levels of …
Purchase answer to see full
attachment