Lifestyle and Health Article Response Please read the attached article and answer the following: Which lifestyle do you think is healthiest for aging peopl

Lifestyle and Health Article Response Please read the attached article and answer the following: Which lifestyle do you think is healthiest for aging people—activity, continuity, or disengagement theories? What are the pros and cons of each theory? Consider the potential for social problems related to gender/sex, race/ethnicity, social status, and age inequality and how they impact the choices of the elderly. Please use examples from the article and text when you formulate your answer. Life Course Transitions, the Generational Stake, and Grandparent-Grandchild Relationships
Author(s): Robert Crosnoe and Glen H. Elder, Jr.
Source: Journal of Marriage and Family, Vol. 64, No. 4 (Nov., 2002), pp. 1089-1096
Published by: National Council on Family Relations
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3600007 .
Accessed: 05/12/2013 09:32
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Grandparent-GrandchildRelations
Our fourth research question also addresses
variability.Is the link between the grandchild’s
entryinto highereducationand the qualityof the
relationshipmoderatedby
grandparent-grandchild
the grandparent’srelationshipwith the grandchild’s parent?This questionis based on family
systemstheory(Cox & Paley, 1997), whichholds
thatany relationshipcannotbe divorcedfromthe
larger family system and past findings that the
gatekeeperrole of the middle generationlinks
young and old and affects relationshipquality
(King & Elder, 1995; Rossi & Rossi, 1990). In
families where grandparentsand parentsare not
close, enrollment in higher education, which
might entail freedom from parentalconstraints,
could allow young people to build strongerties
with grandparents.
METHOD
Sample
1091
Measures
For each of two intergenerationalrelationship
characteristics,we create grandparent(based on
grandparentreports on the focal adolescent in
1994 and 1998) and grandchild(basedon grandchild reportsaboutthat grandparent
in 1994 and
1997) versions.All other variablesare based on
1994 data. From this point on, we refer to 1994
data as Time 1 (or pretransition)and 1997/1998
dataas Time 2 (or posttransition).
Grandparentmentoring.Grandchildrenassessed
how often (1 = never to 4 = often) their grandparentgave adviceor helpedwith problems(M =
2.45, SD = 0.93 in 1994; M = 2.54, SD = 1.02
in 1997). For grandparents,we take the sum of
their assessments(1 = yes, 0 = no) of whether
in the last monththey gave advice to the grandchild, served as a voice of experience,served as
a sourceof familyhistory,andtalkedto the grandchild abouttheir own childhood(M = 3.07, SD
= 1.04 in 1994;M = 3.18, SD = 0.94 in 1998).
relationship.
Quality of grandparent-grandchild
The Iowa Youthand FamiliesProject,which beGrandparentsassessed the quality of relations
gan in 1989, is a longitudinalstudyof 451 famiwith their target grandchild(1 = poor to 4 =
lies (parents,focal adolescent in 7th grade in
excellent),how close they felt to the grandchild
1989, and a near sibling) in NorthCentralIowa.
=
=
In 1994 and 1998, grandparentswere also sur- (1 not at all to 5 very), and how much the
made
them
feel loved and appreciated
par- grandchild
veyed. Not all adolescentshad a grandparent
4
=
to
a lot). These items are
not
at
all
(1
par- standardizedand
ticipate,and some had all four grandparents
averaged,with the absolutevalticipate.
ue of the minimumadded to each case to ease
To select our studysample,we chose the 1994
(M = 4.00, SD = 0.83 in 1994; M
interpretation
survey (when focal adolescentswere seniors in
= 5.00, SD = 0.81 in 1998). For grandchildren,
high school) as the startingpoint and the latest we takethe meanof theirassessmentsof how hapsurvey (1997 for adolescents,1998 for grandpar- py they were with their relationshipswith the
ents) as the end point. Althoughthese two end
(1 = very unhappyto 4 – very hapgrandparent
pointsdiffer,we believe they are close enoughto
py) and how often (1 – not at all to 4 = a lot)
each other and within the normativespan of the
their grandparentmade them feel loved and apadulttransitionto be useful. A total of 411 adopreciated(M = 3.42, SD – 0.71 in 1994; M =
lescents and 592 grandparents
participatedat both
3.44, SD = 0.72 in 1997).
time points. This attritionis not negligible, but
past studies of the samplehave shown no strong Grandchildtransitions.We createdbinary meaattritionbiases (King & Elder,1999). In orderto
sures for whetherthe grandchildhad enrolledin
and grandchildren
matchgrandparent
a 2- or 4-year college, gotten married,become a
reports,we
had to focus on specific grandparent-grandchil- parent,or startedfull-time employmentbetween
drenpairs.Ratherthanhavinga single grandchild 1994 and 1997.
appearin the data multipletimes (with the anaControlvariables.Analysescontrolfor grandparlyticalproblemsthis repetitionposes), we selected
one grandparentfor each focal child who had a
ent gender(1 = female, 73%);grandparenteduinterviewedthrougha processof ran- cation (1 – attendedcollege, 24%);grandparent
grandparent
dom assignment.The final study samplecontains self-reportedhealth (1 = poor to 4 = excellent;
maritalstatus
M = 3.03, SD – 0.77); grandparent
316 grandparent-grandchild
pairs.
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1096
Journal of Marriage and Family
L., & Conger,R. D. (in press).Relationswith grandparents:RuralMidwest versus urbansouthernCalifornia. Journal of Family Issues.
Rossi, A. S., & Rossi, P. H. (1990). Of humanbonding:
Parent-child relations across the life course. New
York:Aldine.
Silverstein,M., & Long, J. D. (1998). Trajectoriesof
grandparents’perceivedsolidaritywith adult grand-
children:A growth curve analysis over 23 years.
Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 912-923.
Szinovacz, M. E. (1998). Handbook on grandparent-
hood. Westport,CT:Greenwood.
Uhlenberg,P., & Kirby,J. B. (1998). Grandparenthood
over time: Historicaland demographictrends.In M.
E. Szinovacz (Ed.), Handbook on grandparenthood
(pp. 23-39). Westport,CT:Greenwood.
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Please read the attached article and answer the following: Which lifestyle do you think is healthiest for
aging people—activity, continuity, or disengagement theories? What are the pros and cons of each
theory? Consider the potential for social problems related to gender/sex, race/ethnicity, social status,
and age inequality and how they impact the choices of the elderly. Please use examples from the article
and text when you formulate your answer.

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