Walden University Assessment and Reflection on Multimedia Skills Assignment: Assessment and Reflection You are approaching the end of your multimedia lite

Walden University Assessment and Reflection on Multimedia Skills Assignment: Assessment and Reflection

You are approaching the end of your multimedia literacy experience. This Assignment provides you with an opportunity to reflect on the course and the multimedia production process. You have accessed, analyzed, and created digital instructional multimedia. Now you are ready to report your evaluation.

******* THIS ASSESSMENT IS ABOUT 6 PAGES. I WILL LET YOU KNOW HOW MANY PAGE BY HEADINGS*****

COLLABORATION
IN 1 PAGE: Collaboration: provide an analytical rationale how collaboration affected your creative process for the creation of your multimedia-based learning objects. Include examples and supporting documentation for each point.
IN 1 PAGE Collaboration: analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the feedback you received on your work, providing examples and supporting documentation from the feedback you received. Analyze how the feedback received from classmates, your instructor, and from the collaboration in your PLN helped you design and create your final multimedia learning object. Provide supporting evidence and examples. *****(FEEDBACK WAS NOT GOOD, TEACHER IS VERY VERY VERY STRICT. (I LOVE TO FINISH THIS CLASS TOMORROW!!!) HE TOOK POINTS FOR EVERYTHING: GRAMMAR, LO, LEARNING OBJECTIVES, PROTOCOLO CONVERSATION, LESSON PLANS, VIDEOS, MULTIMEDIA, IMAGES, ETC

IN 2 PAGES: provide a well-documented rationale for the instructional effectiveness of your LO including:

Development of Assessment: An analysis of the development of your assessment you used to field test your LO. Provide a rationale for the content of the assessment items based on the purpose and goals of the LO (e.g., the impact you expected the LO to have on student learning outcomes) and the feedback you received from your PLN.
Analysis of Assessment Data: Compare what you expected students to learn with what they actually demonstrated on your assessment tool and how this helped you interpret the instructional effectiveness of your LO on student learning, including an analysis of detailed statistics from your field test
Use of Assessment Data to Make Improvements: You explained how you would change your LO based on the assessment data.
PERSONAL GROWTH
IN 1 PAGE: As Creator: , provide a synthesis of your development as a multimedia designer/creator throughout the course, integrating your collaborative work in your PLN, discussions, and course resources. Analyze how your comfort level creating digital media changed during this course including examples from the development of your LOs.
IN 1 PAGE: As Educational Technologist: synthesize your overall class experience. Provide an analysis of how your multimedia production and collaboration with your PLN may have an impact on your overall learning experience in the educational technology program going forward, providing examples and supporting documentation from your experience developing LOs. Provide a synthesis of your course experience developing LOs to share how being able to produce multimedia learning objects may have an impact on your career.

RESOURCES: (ALSO SEE ATTACHMENTS)*******

Ball, C. E. (2012). Assessing scholarly multimedia: A rhetorical genre studies approach. Technical Communication Quarterly, 21(1), 61–77.

Ostenson, J. W. (2012). Connecting assessment and instruction to help students become more critical producers of multimedia. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 4(2), 167–178.

Pittman, J. (2013). From theory to assessment: A modern instructional course. Journal of Applied Learning Technology, 3(2), 26–30.

Clark, R. C., & Mayer, R. E. (2016). E-Learning and the science of instruction: Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning (4th ed.). San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Chapter 4, “Applying the Multimedia Principle: Use Words and Graphics Rather Than Words Alone” (pp. 67–89)
Chapter 6, “Applying the Modality Principle: Present Words as Audio Narration Rather Than On-Screen Text” (pp. 113-130)

Wills, G. B., Bailey, C. P., Davis, H. C., Gilbert, L., Howard, Y., Jeyes, S., & … Young, R. (2009). An e-learning framework for assessment (FREMA). Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 34(3), 273–292. Multimedia:
Making It Work
Eighth Edition
Tay Vaughan
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For Elizabeth Hunter Vaughan
About the Author
Tay Vaughan is a widely known multimedia authority. He has developed and produced
projects for clients including Apple, Microsoft, Lotus, Novell, and Sun. He is president of
Timestream, Inc., a multiformat design and publishing company.
About the Technical Editor
Brad Borch is an award-winning multimedia producer. He has a BA in Film (Penn State,
1986) and an MS in Instructional Technologies (Bloomsburg University, 1989). He started
his interactive media career so long ago, the digital bits he used to craft his first project
have long since retired. He has worked for various creative agencies and media companies;
currently, he has his own interactive design consultancy, Activa Digital Media Design. He
works primarily in Adobe Flash, producing games and interactive presentations.
Brad resides in coastal Maine with his wife Elizabeth, two teen children, Christopher
and Rachel, and a dog. When he’s not sculpting bits into presentations of one kind or
­another, he’s hiking, canoeing, or playing one of his guitars.
Contents
acknowledgments vii
about this book x
introduction xii
1
2
What Is Multimedia? 1
Definitions 1
Where to Use Multimedia 2
Multimedia in Business 2
Multimedia in Schools 3
Multimedia at Home 5
Multimedia in Public Places 7
Virtual Reality 9
Delivering Multimedia 9
CD-ROM, DVD, Flash Drives 10
The Broadband Internet 10
4
Text 18
The Power of Meaning 20
The Power and Irregularity of English 21
About Fonts and Faces 22
Cases 24
Serif vs. Sans Serif 24
Using Text in Multimedia 25
Designing with Text 26
Fields for Reading 36
HTML Documents 39
Computers and Text 40
The Font Wars Are Over 40
Character Sets and Alphabets 42
Mapping Text Across Platforms 45
Languages in the World of Computers 46
Font Editing and Design Tools 50
Fontlab 51
Making Pretty Text 52
Hypermedia and Hypertext 53
The Power of Hypertext 55
Using Hypertext 56
Searching for Words 57
Hypermedia Structures 58
Hypertext Tools 60
iv
3
5
Images 68
Before You Start to Create 68
Plan Your Approach 69
Organize Your Tools 69
Configure Your Computer Workspace 69
Making Still Images 70
Bitmaps 71
Vector Drawing 80
Vector-Drawn Objects vs. Bitmaps 81
3-D Drawing and Rendering 83
Color 88
Understanding Natural Light and Color 88
Computerized Color 91
Color Palettes 94
Image File Formats 97
Sound 104
The Power of Sound 104
Digital Audio 106
Making Digital Audio Files 108
MIDI Audio 113
MIDI vs. Digital Audio 118
Multimedia System Sounds 120
Audio File Formats 121
Vaughan’s Law of Multimedia ­Minimums 123
Adding Sound to Your Multimedia Project 124
Space Considerations 125
Audio Recording 126
Keeping Track of Your Sounds 128
Audio CDs 128
Sound for Your Mobile 129
Sound for the Internet 130
Testing and Evaluation 131
Copyright Issues 131
Animation 140
The Power of Motion 140
Principles of Animation 141
Animation by Computer 142
Animation Techniques 143
Animation File Formats 149
Making Animations That Work 150
A Rolling Ball 151
A Bouncing Ball 152
Creating an Animated Scene 155
Contents
6
7
Video 164
Using Video 164
How Video Works and Is Displayed 165
Analog Video 166
Digital Video 168
Displays 170
Digital Video Containers 173
Codecs 174
Video Format Converters 178
Obtaining Video Clips 179
Shooting and Editing Video 180
The Shooting Platform 181
Storyboarding 183
Lighting 183
Chroma Keys 184
Composition 185
Titles and Text 186
Nonlinear Editing (NLE) 188
8
9
Making Multimedia 196
The Stages of a Multimedia Project 196
What You Need: The Intangibles 197
Creativity 197
Organization 198
Communication 200
What You Need: Hardware 200
Windows vs. Macintosh 201
Connections 203
Memory and Storage Devices 205
Input Devices 209
Output Devices 210
What You Need: Software 212
Text Editing and Word Processing Tools 214
OCR Software 215
Painting and Drawing Tools 216
3-D Modeling and Animation Tools 218
Image-Editing Tools 220
Sound-Editing Tools 221
Animation, Video, and Digital Movie Tools 221
Helpful Accessories 222
What You Need: Authoring Systems 222
Helpful Ways to Get Started 223
Making Instant Multimedia 224
Types of Authoring Tools 227
Objects 230
Choosing an Authoring Tool 231
10
Multimedia Skills 240
The Team 241
Project Manager 241
Multimedia Designer 243
Interface Designer 245
Writer 246
Video Specialist 248
Audio Specialist 250
Multimedia Programmer 251
Producer of Multimedia for the Web 253
The Sum of Parts 254
Planning and Costing 260
The Process of Making Multimedia 260
Idea Analysis 262
Pretesting 266
Task Planning 266
Prototype Development 268
Alpha Development 271
Beta Development 271
Delivery 271
Scheduling 273
Estimating 274
Billing Rates 277
RFPs and Bid Proposals 280
The Cover and Package 286
Table of Contents 286
Needs Analysis and Description 286
Target Audience 287
Creative Strategy 287
Project Implementation 287
Budget 287
Designing and Producing 294
Designing 295
Designing the Structure 296
Designing the User Interface 308
A Multimedia Design Case History 314
Producing 318
Starting Up 319
Working with Clients 320
Tracking 321
Copyrights 321
Hazards and Annoyances 322
v
vi
11
Multimedia: Making It Work
Content and Talent 330
Acquiring Content 331
Using Content Created by Others 332
Ownership of ContentCreated
­
for a Project 343
Acquiring Talent 347
Locating the Professionals You Need 348
Working with Union Contracts 349
Acquiring Releases 351
12
The Internet and Multimedia 358
Internet History 359
Internetworking 360
Internet Addresses 361
Connections 365
The Bandwidth Bottleneck 365
Internet Services 367
MIME-Types 369
The World Wide Web and HTML 372
Multimedia on the Web 374
Tools for the World Wide Web 374
Web Servers 375
Web Browsers 376
Search Engines 377
Web Page Makers and Site Builders 377
Plug-ins and Delivery Vehicles 381
Beyond HTML 383
13
Designing for the World Wide Web 392
Developing for the Web 392
HTML Is a Markup Language 393
The Desktop Workspace 396
The Small-Device Workspace 396
Nibbling 397
Text for the Web 398
Making Columns of Text 398
Flowing Text Around I­ mages 400
14
Images for the Web 402
GIF and PNG Images 402
JPEG Images 403
Using Photoshop 405
Backgrounds 409
Clickable Buttons 411
Client-Side Image Maps 411
Sound for the Web 413
Animation for the Web 413
GIF89a 413
Video for the Web 414
Plug-ins and Players 415
Delivering 422
Testing 423
Alpha Testing 423
Beta Testing 423
Polishing to Gold 425
Preparing for Delivery 425
File Archives 427
Delivering on CD-ROM 429
Compact Disc Technology 429
Compact Disc Standards 431
Delivering on DVD 434
DVD Standards 436
Wrapping It Up 436
Delivering on the World Wide Web 438
Appendix 446
System Requirements 446
Installing and Running
CD ­Software and ­Features 448
Help 449
Removing MasterExam 449
McGraw-Hill Technical Support 449
LearnKey Technical Support 449
Trial Software Technical Support 449
Index 450
Acknowledgments
This eighth edition of Multimedia: Making It Work includes the cumulated input and advice of many colleagues
and friends over a twenty-year period. Each time I revise and update this book, I am pleased to see that the
acknowledgments section grows. Indeed, it is difficult to delete people from this (huge) list because, like the
stones of a medieval castle still occupied, new and revised material relies upon the older foundation. I will continue accumulating the names of the good people who have helped me build this edifice and list them here, at
least until my publisher cries “Enough!” and provides substantial reason to press the delete key.
At McGraw-Hill, Meghan Riley was instrumental in producing this eighth edition. Molly Sharp from
­ContentWorks did the layout, Melinda Lytle oversaw graphic quality, and Bob Campbell and Paul Tyler copyedited and proofread, respectively. As technical editor for this edition, Brad Borch helped to bring current the
detailed descriptions of the many elements of multimedia that are discussed in the book.
In past editions, Tim Green, Jennifer Housh, Jody McKenzie, Julie Smith, Jimmie Young from Tolman Creek
Design, Joe Silverthorn, Chris Johnson, Jennie Yates, John and Kathryn Ross, Madhu Prasher, Frank Zurbano,
Judith Brown, Athena Honore, Roger Stewart, Alissa Larson, Cindy Wathen, Eileen Corcoran, Megg Bonar,
Robin Small, Lyssa Wald, Scott Rogers, Stephane Thomas, Bob Myren, Heidi Poulin, Mark Karmendy, Joanne
Cuthbertson, Bill Pollock, Jeff Pepper, Kathy Hashimoto, Marla Shelasky, Linda Medoff, Valerie Robbins, Cindy
Brown, Larry Levitsky, Frances Stack, Jill Pisoni, Carol Henry, and Linda Beatty went out of their way to keep
me on track. Chip Harris, Donna Booher, Takis Metaxas, Dan Hilgert, Helayne Waldman, Hank ­Duderstadt,
Dina Medina, Joyce Edwards, Theo Posselt, Ann Stewart, Graham Arlen, Kathy Gardner, Steve Goeckler, Steve
Peha, Christine Perey, Pam Sansbury, Terry Schussler, Alden Trull, Eric Butler, and Michael Allen have contributed to making the work more complete since its first edition.
Since the fifth edition, peer reviewers Sandi Watkins, Dana Bass, David Williams, Joseph Parente, Elaine
Winston, Wes Baker, Celina Byers, Nancy Doubleday, Tom Duff, Chris Hand, Scott Herd, Kenneth Hoffman,
Sherry Hutson, Judith Junger, Ari Kissiloff, Peter Korovessis, Sallie Kravetz, Jeff Kushner, Theresa McHugh, Ken
Messersmith, Marianne Nilsson, Lyn Pemberton, Samuel Shiffman, and Dennis Woytek have added significant
structure to the book’s foundation.
I would also like to acknowledge many friends in the computer and publishing industries who continue to
make this book possible. They send me quotes and multimedia anecdotes to enliven the book; many arranged for
me to review and test software and hardware; many have been there when I needed them. Some from editions past
have changed companies or left the industry; my friend Dana Atchley, the well-known digital storyteller, has died.
Whole companies in the list below have died, too, since the first edition of this book, but their discorporation is
mourned differently from the heartfelt loss of the real people and real creators who launched the information age.
I would like to thank them all for the time and courtesy they have afforded me on this long-legged project:
Grace Abbett, Adobe Systems
Jennifer Ackman, Edelman Worldwide
Eric Alderman, HyperMedia Group
Heather Alexander, Waggener Edstrom
Laura Ames, Elgin/Syferd PR
Kurt Andersen, Andersen Design
Ines Anderson, Claris
Travis Anton, BoxTop Software
David Antoniuk, Live Oak Multimedia
Yasemin Argun, Corel Systems
Cornelia Atchley, Comprehensive
­Technologies
Dana Atchley, Network Productions
Pamela Atkinson, Pioneer Software
Paul Babb, Maxon Computer
Ann Bagley, Asymetrix
Patricia Baird, Hypermedia Journal
Gary Baker, Technology Solutions
Richard Bangs, Mountain Travel-Sobek
Sean Barger, Equilibrium
Jon Barrett, Dycam
Kathryn Barrett, O’Reilly & Associates
Heinz Bartesch, The Search Firm
Bob Bauld, Bob Bauld Productions
Thomas Beinar, Add-On America/Rohm
Bob Bell, SFSU Multimedia Studies Program
George Bell, Ocron
Mike Bellefeuille, Corel Systems
Andrew Bergstein, Altec Lansing
Kathy Berlan, Borland International
Camarero Bernard, mFactory
Brian Berson, Diamondsoft
Bren Besser, Unlimited Access
Time Bigoness, Equilibrium
Ken Birge, Weber Shandwick
Nancy Blachman, Variable Symbols
Dana Blankenhorn, Have Modem Will Travel
Brian Blum, The Software Toolworks
Sharon Bodenschatz, International Typeface
Michele Boeding, ICOM Simulations
Donna Booher, Timestream
Gail Bower, TMS
Kellie Bowman, Adobe Systems
Susan Boyer, Blue Sky Software
Deborah Brown, Technology Solutions
vii
viii
Multimedia: Making It Work
Eric Brown, NewMedia Magazine
Russell Brown, Adobe Systems
Tiffany Brown, Network Associates
Stephanie Bryan, SuperMac
Ann Marie Buddrus, Digital Media Design
David Bunnell, NewMedia Magazine
Jeff Burger, Creative Technologies
Steven Burger, Ricoh
Bridget Burke, Gryphon Software
Dominique Busso, OpenMind
Ben Calica, Tools for the Mind
Doug Campbell, Spinnaker Software
Teri Campbell, MetaCreations
Doug Camplejohn, Apple Computer
Norman Cardella, Best-Seller
Tim Carrigan, Multimedia Magazine
Mike Childs, Global Mapper Software
Herman Chin, Computer Associates
International
Curtis Christiansen, Deneba Software
Jane Chuey, Macromedia
Angie Ciarloni, Hayes
Kevin Clark, Strata
Cathy Clarke, DXM Productions
Regina Coffman, Smith Micro
Frank Colin, Equilibrium
David Collier, decode communications
Kelly Anne Connors, Alien Skin
David Conti, AimTech
Freda Cook, Aldus
Renee Cooper, Miramar Systems
Wendy Cornish, Vividus
Patrick Crisp, Caere
Michelle Cunningham, Symantec
Lee Curtis, CE Software
Eric Dahlinger, Newer Technology
Kirsten Davidson, Autodesk
John deLorimier, Kallisto Productions
John Derryberry, A&R Partners/Adobe
Systems
Jeff Dewey, Luminaria
Jennifer Doettling, Delta Point
Sarah Duckett, Sonic Solutions
Hank Duderstadt, Timestream
Mike Duffy, The Software Toolworks
Eileen Ebner, McLean Public Relations
Dawn Echols, Oracle
Dorothy Eckel, Specular International
Joyce Edwards, Timestream
Kevin Edwards, c|net
Mark Edwards, Independent Multimedia
Developer
Dan Elenbaas, Amaze!
Ellen Elias, O’Reilly & Associates
Shelly Ellison, Tektronix
Heidi Elmer, Sonic Foundry
Kathy Englar, RayDream
Jonathan Epstein, MPC World
Jeff Essex, Audio Synchrosy
Sharron Evans, Graphic Directions
Kiko Fagan, Attorney at Law
Joe Fantuzzi, Macromedia
Lee Feldman, Voxware
Laura Finkelman, S & S Communications
Holly Fisher, MetaTools
Sean Flaherty, Nemetschek/VectorWorks
Terry Fleming, Timeworks
Patrick Ford, Microsoft
Marty Fortier, Prosonus
Robin Galipeau, Mutual/Hadwen Imaging
Kathy Gardner, Gardner Associates
Peter Gariepy, Zedcor
Bill Gates, Microsoft
Petra Gerwin, Mathematica
John Geyer, Terran Interactive
Jonathan Gibson, Form and Function
Brittany Gidican, Edelman
Karen Giles, Borland
Amanda Goodenough, AmandaStories
Danny Goodman, Concentrics Technology
Howard Gordon, Xing Technology
Jessica Gould, Corel
Jonathan Graham, Iomega
Catherine Greene, LightSource
Fred Greguras, Fenwick & West
Maralyn Guarino, Blue Sky Software
Cari Gushiken, Copithorne & Bellows
Kim Haas, McLean Public Relations
Marc Hall, Deneba Software
Johan Hamberg, Timestream
Lynda Hardman, CWI – Netherlands
Tom Hargadon, Conference
Communications
Chip Harris, InHouse Productions
Scott Harris, Chief Architect
Sue Hart, FileMaker
Robin Harwood, Maritime Energy
Trip Hawkins, 3DO/Electronic Arts
Randy Haykin, Apple Computer
Jodi Hazzan, SoftQuad
Ray Heizer, Heizer Software
Dave Heller, Salient Software
Josh Hendrix, CoSA
Maria Hermanussen, Gold Disk
Allan Hessenflow, HandMade Software
Lars Hidde, The HyperMedia Group
Erica Hill, Nuance
Dave Hobbs, LickThis
Petra Hodges, Mathematica
Kerry Hodgins, Corel
John Holder, John V. Holder Software
Elena Holland, Traveling Software
Mike Holm, Apple Computer
Robert Hone, Red Hill Studios
Kevin Howat, MacMillan Digital
Joy Hsu, Sonnet Technologies
Tom Hughes, PhotoDisc
Claudia Husemann, Cunningham
Communications
Les Inanchy, Sony CD-ROM Division
Tom Inglesby, Manufacturing Systems
Carl Jaffe, Yale University School of
Medicine
Farrah Jinha, Vertigo 3D
Cynthia Johnson, BoxTop Software
Scott Johnson, NTERGAID
JoAnn Johnston, Regis McKenna
Neele Johnston, Autodesk
Jedidah Karanja, Genealogy.com
Dave Kaufer, Waggener Edstrom
David Kazanjian, AFTRA Actor
Jenna Keller, Alexander Communications
Helen Kendrick, Software Publishing
Benita Kenn, Creative Labs
Duncan Kennedy, Tribeworks
Trudy Kerr, Alexander Communications
Gary Kevorkian, ULead Systems
Deirdre Kidd, Nemetschek
David Kleinberg, NetObjects
Jeff Kleindinst, Turtle Beach Systems
Kevin Klingler, Sonic Desktop Software
Sharon Klocek, Visual In-Seitz
Christina Knighton, Play Incorporated
Lewis Kraus, InfoUse
Katrina Krebs, Micrografx
Kevin Krejci, Pop Rocket
Bob Kremers, Waggoner Edstrom
Larry Kubo, Ocron
Jennifer Kuhl, Peppercom
Howard Kwak, Multimedia SourceBook
Irving Kwong, Waggener Edstrom
Craig LaGrow, Morph’s Outpost
Lisa Lance, Vectorworks
Kimberly Larkin, Alexander
Communications
Kevin LaRue, Allegiant Technologies
Mark Law, Extensis
Nicole Lazzaro, ONYX Productions
Dick Lehr, Boston University
Alan Levine, Maricopa Community
Colleges
Bob LeVitus, LeVitus Productions
Steven Levy, MacWorld
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